Supracondylar Humerus Fracture: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Supracondylar humerus fractures are among the most common elbow injuries, particularly in children. These fractures occur just above the elbow joint and can lead to serious complications if not managed properly. This article explores the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and potential neurological concerns associated with this type of injury.
What is a Supracondylar Humerus Fracture?
A supracondylar humerus fracture is a break in the distal humerus, just above the elbow joint. This injury is most frequently seen in children aged 5-10 years due to falls on an outstretched arm.
Causes of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures
- Falling on an outstretched hand (FOOSH injury)
- Direct trauma to the elbow
- Sports-related injuries
- High-impact accidents (e.g., motor vehicle crashes)
Symptoms of a Supracondylar Humerus Fracture
Patients with this type of fracture may experience:
- Severe pain and swelling around the elbow
- Limited or no movement in the affected arm
- Visible deformity of the elbow
- Numbness or tingling (indicating nerve involvement)
Diagnosis and Imaging
Doctors typically diagnose supracondylar humerus fractures using:
- Physical examination: Checking for swelling, deformity, and nerve function.
- X-rays: The primary imaging tool for identifying the fracture and assessing displacement.
- CT scans (in severe cases): Used when complex fractures require detailed evaluation.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the fracture:
Non-Surgical Treatment (For Stable Fractures)
- Immobilization with a cast or splint
- Pain management with medications
- Follow-up X-rays to monitor healing
Surgical Treatment (For Displaced or Severe Fractures)
Surgical intervention is required for fractures that are significantly displaced. The most common procedures include:
- Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning: Realigning the bones and securing them with pins.
- Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF): Used in complex cases where open surgery is needed to align and stabilize the bone.
Potential Complications
While most fractures heal without issues, complications can occur, such as:
- Nerve injury: The radial, median, or ulnar nerve may be affected, leading to temporary or permanent weakness.
- Vascular injury: Damage to the brachial artery can affect blood supply to the hand.
- Compartment syndrome: A rare but serious condition requiring immediate medical attention.
- Malunion: Poor healing alignment, potentially leading to deformity.
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Recovery typically takes 6-8 weeks. Rehabilitation includes:
- Physical therapy to restore mobility
- Strengthening exercises for the arm
- Gradual return to activities
Neurosurgical Considerations
In rare cases, nerve compression or brachial plexus injuries may require neurosurgical evaluation. Early intervention ensures better functional outcomes.
Conclusion
A supracondylar humerus fracture is a serious injury that requires timely diagnosis and appropriate management to prevent complications. With proper treatment and rehabilitation, most patients recover fully and regain normal arm function.